与白杨派树种相比,黑杨派树种一直因组培再生困难而限制了其在林木基因工程研究中的应用。本文以欧美杨优良新品种——渤丰1号为试验材料,以其再生培养基中的植物生长调节剂配比、铜离子浓度、光照强度、卡那霉素选择压等方面为切入点开展研究,建立了渤丰1号杨高效组培再生体系。使用该再生体系时,外植体的分化率和生根率均达100%,叶片的平均分化芽数多达20个以上,组培苗移植成活率可达98%,40 mg·L-1卡那霉素可以抑制渤丰1号杨叶片的诱导与分化,20 mg·L-1卡那霉素可以抑制渤丰1号杨不定芽的生根;同时发现铜(Cu)元素是渤丰1号杨外植体分化再生的一个关键因素,增加Cu2+浓度能显著促进不定芽的诱导和分化。

In this study, the transgenic poplar (Populus × euramericana‘Guariento’) harboring five exogenous genes (SacB, Vgb, BtCry3A, OC-I and JERF36#) and the control plants were selected, comparing the wood property variation of 5-year-old trees, and trying to understand whether the transgenic of exogenous genes produce unintended effects. The results showed that the transgenic of exogenous genes caused a wide range of variation in non-target wood properties, the variations were found not only between transgenic and wild-type lines, but also among transgenic lines. Compared with the control, the transgenic lines, the contents of holocellulose and cellulose increased, the total lignin and acid soluble lignin decreased, the fiber length, the fiber width, the microfibril angle and the acid insoluble lignin varied uncertainly. It is concluded that the introduced exogenous gene could generate unintended effects on corresponding non-target target traits.

目的 评价转基因库安托杨可能引起的生态风险。 方法 利用PCR扩增研究外源基因水平转移情况，利用稀释平板法研究土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量。 结果 电泳结果显示：林下杂草混合样品和土壤微生物DNA样品中均未出现目的基因片段。转基因株系和非转基因株系的非根际土壤中可培养的细菌、真菌和放线菌数量在杨树的不同生长期出现一定的变化，但是这种变化没有明显的规律。 结论 8年生转基因库安托杨未出现外源基因水平转移，也未对土壤微生物的数量产生显著影响。

对转基因库安托杨及银腺杂种杨(含1～5个外源基因)中选择标记基因新霉素磷酸转移酶基因(N PT II)进行PCR扩增,证实该基因稳定存在于转基因杨树的基因组中。应用酶联免疫吸附测定法( EL ISA)对2种转基因杨树中NPTII蛋白的表达量进行定量检测,结果显示:NPTII蛋白的表达量并没有随着目的基因数量的增加而升高,说明与转单个基因杨树相比,转多个基因杨树可能由标记基因引起的生物安全问题并不会加剧。

对欧洲黑杨α-expansin基因 PnEXPA1 的SNP多态性与水分利用效率相关性状稳定碳同位素比率（δ13C）进行了关联分析。利用SNaPshot技术对 PnEXPA1 基因内11个SNP位点进行了基因型分型，发现各SNP位点优势基因型均为纯合，且其频率高于杂合基因型。关联分析显示：SNP8和SNP12在采用单因素方差分析（ANOVA）和一般线性模型（GLM）2种方法时均与δ13C值显著关联。SNP8为exon 1内的无义突变，可解释6.620%的表型变异；而SNP12位于intron 1中，遗传贡献率为6.613%；这2个SNP位点与SNP9、SNP13共同位于一个高连锁不平衡（LD）的单倍型块中。SNP8与SNP12的TT基因型无性系均具有较高的δ13C值，为优势基因型。

[目的] 为杨树高产低耗高效工业用材新品种选育筛选新种质。[方法] 采用布雷金多性状综合评定法和模糊数学隶属函数值法,系统分析和评价北方型美洲黑杨种质生长及光、水分、养分等关键环境资源利用性状。[结果] 表明:(1)种源间、种源内无性系间在生长、光合、水分和养分利用方面的差异显著或极显著。(2)总叶面积、成叶速率、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率、生长旺期水分利用效率与北方型美洲黑杨胸径显著或极显著相关。(3)筛选出M6、Q1、Q5、M5、Q7、Q3、M3、Q9等高产型种质,M6、Q1、Q2、M5、Q5、M3、Q4、M2等高产高光效型种质,Q5、Q1、W9、M5、Q7、M6、M3、W2等高产高水分利用型种质,Q9、Q5、Q3、Q8、Q1、M10、Q7、I5高产高养分利用型种质。其中,Q5、M6、Q1、Q2、Q9等无性系兼具生长和对资源(光、水分和养分)的利用优势。[结论] 北方型美洲黑杨遗传变异丰富,为优良种源和种质选择提供了依据;总叶面积、成叶速率、、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率等5个与生长关系密切的指标可作为种质资源评价的可靠指标;筛选出的优良种质特别是综合表现最优的5个无性系是后续育种工作的有效资源。

Populus euramericana‘MR3’is a transgenic clone transformed with five foreign genes (JERF36, SacB, vgb, and BtCry3A+ OC-1) via genetic engineering approach using Populus ×euramericana‘Guariento’as the receptor. This variety inherits the features of fast-growing and broad adaptation that the receptor possessed and further enhances the tolerance to various stresses including drought, salt, flooding, and insects feeding. The experiments in greenhouse for stress tolerance assays indicated that the expression of foreign genes led to improved tolerance to drought, salt, flooding, and insects (mainly Plagiodera versicolora). Field trial in an area with salinized soil in Shandong Province showed a 7.77% increase in stem volume than that of the control clones of 5-year-old saplings. Another field trial at Linghai in Liaoning Province indicated a 15.41% increase in stem volume than that of the control clones of 2-year-old. In the experiments in greenhouse, laboratory, and field, the P. euramericana‘MR3’showed enhanced characteristics such as fast-growing, higher tolerance to drought, salt, insects, and flooding stress, and is expected to be one of the ideal new poplar varieties for wood industry and ecosystem conservation in North China.